New media study

The emergence of highly advanced technologies resulted in new methods of communication, including visual and image-based communication, through which businesses and their respective target market interact. Thus, it is highly important to understand the underlying concepts and theories behind these emerging methods of communication and optimally utilize them. For this reason, I would like to take up New Media Studies in DePaul University. As an advertising graduate who currently specializes in creating designs for a marketing firm, the program can surely help me develop sophisticated conceptual designs and advance my career. As I a native of South Korea, coming to the United States to study and establish a career has aided me in developing a profound understanding of diverse cultures and societies with this country’s multicultural population. Moreover, I was also able to obtain a deep grasp of the market and the media. I took up advertising in the Illinois Institute of Art in Chicago where I was able to acquire a basic understanding of the meanings behind images and designs and their impact on the public. This university also taught and honed my skills in producing conceptual designs. Thus, my academic background and experience serve as a solid foundation which would be really helpful when I become accepted to the New Media Studies program. After graduation, I worked in CMO Graphics as prepress artist and helped the company create design solutions for its clients. After a few months, I started working for Point B Communications and contributed in providing marketing and advertising solutions for its various clients through brand-building. My experience with them has further enhanced my skills in graphic design, fine arts, and layout design. My working experiences have enlightened me about the true meaning of design. I believe that design is important to express the way an artist feels and turn this emotion and vision into an image or design. Despite the diversity of knowledge and skills that I acquired through my academic and work experiences, I realized that there is still so much that I have to learn. For this reason, I decided to apply at DePaul University and take up Master of Arts in New Media Studies. Through the program, I would like to achieve this goal and objective: to learn and improve my skills in a variety of areas such as writing, digital design, and media-related studies. One of my objectives that I would like to realize through the New Media Studies program is to improve my writing skills and learn how to change my writing style so that it can fit any category, whether it is for technical, professional, or creative purposes. It is also one of my objectives to further develop my abilities in creating digital media and design which I can use in making more advanced advertising design concepts. Learning more about media representation would also be advantageous for me as my work mostly deals with visual images and design. I believe that it is highly important to understand the public’s impression of these images and designs on the public so that I can produce design concepts that will have a positive impact on them. I chose to study at DePaul University because it offers the New Media Studies courses exclusively at night to accommodate working adults such as myself. With the courses provided at night, I would be able to attend classes and focus on my studies without worries. The program is also flexible enough to teach me technicalities and advancement in the new media field. Hence, if I become accepted to this program, I look forward to the fresh new ideas that I will gain which I would definitely apply to my current job. I also selected DePaul University because I believe that it can offer me the best academic experience and instill the knowledge and skills that I need through the New Media Studies program. With this university’s rich and wider resources, highly acclaimed professors, cultural and educational diversity, I would most certainly achieve personal and career growth. I believe that attending a school where diversity is present plays a large role in bridging cultural gaps and settling the differences. Through this, I would be able to further nurture my understanding of various different cultures. Furthermore, the New Media Studies program of the university can guarantee absolute learning experience and offer me the best career opportunities and help me attain success in my chosen field.

Article on Discipline Essay

Discipline is not only necessary but also vital for any civilized society, as a matter of fact, discipline and Nature are synonymous with each other and whenever anything happens, which defies or interrupts the usual in Nature, it becomes a calamity, and similarly life without discipline can become chaotic. The term ‘discipline’ means any training intended to develop moral character or produce a particular pattern of behavior accepted by afferent institutions and society. Discipline is a way of life. It is vital in happing one’s personality. According to one school of thought, there are here forms of discipline i.e. expressionistic, impressionistic and self- discipline. If-discipline is usually considered to be the best form of discipline here in the term ‘discipline’ instead of standing as a rigid code of conduct obi strictly adhered to, denotes a process of normal growth and learning, of ways to monitor oneself. Self discipline is directly related t o the concept of freedom and motivation. If a child is motivated and given the freedom to choose, discipline becomes a natural way of life. In modern times, discipline is misunderstood and misinterpreted by some students as rigid and fixed set of rules enforced by others and to be followed without any questions being asked. They feel it is encroachment of their freedom and rights. Discipline is not a term which is limited to institutions like schools and colleges only. Neither is it a weapon or tool in the hands of adults to control the younger generation or in other words seeking unquestionable compliance. Discipline is neither suppression nor a means to assert one’s authority rather it is intrinsic motivation in a person to control oneself, one’s emotion, and desires and live in a uniform and orderly manner. That everything in this universe has to follow certain rules, the Sun rises in the East’ and sets in the West, come what may, the cycle of seasons also follows a pattern, Night follows, dusk which follows day and dawn, thus, we humans are also governed by rules and following the same is another term for discipline. In schools, discipline can be exercised through the medium of morning assembly, time table, uniform, break, activities, various competitions and talk shows. An example of discipline is also the happening of activities in t he school premises in a particular order, right from promptness in reaching the school, wearing the prescribed uniform, abiding with the school rules, attending classes etc.  etc. When one learns to conform to a particular set of rules he understands the importance and need to follow a particular pattern in life and how veering away from them can make life difficult and confusing, All successful people understand the importance of discipline in their lives and enjoy the fruits of success. An undisciplined person is prone to temptations and can easily fall prey to a lifestyle which could lead to his failure and doom. Discipline, thus! is inevitable as it gives direction to live life in a harmonious, and orderly way.

LIFE ON MARS AND ITS INHABITANT Essay

ESSAY: LIFE ON MARS AND ITS INHABITANT DATE: MARCH 15TH 2013 First of all ‘MARS’ is a planet which is normally refer to as the earth’s twins, why? Because it has the same features of surface reminiscent both on the impact craters of the moon the volcanoes, valleys. The writer of this novel’ life on mars’ made us to understand that he is a Martian who left him home to pass down a message of what I call salvation or redemption to the people of earth. The writer made it clear that mars is a planet ruled by LOVE, with love among them problems like misunderstanding, or internal dissension does not exist among its people unlike the dwellers of earth. He also mentioned that we earthlings are not only false ideals of radical, sociological and religious distinctions a bar to our spiritual and material progress, but also in terms of political and economical falsities which would lead to our destruction if we do not retrace our steps back to the pathway pointed out by Christ the master and accept LOVE. Economy in mars is a virtue long cultivated on the planet mars as pointed out by the writer. While us on earth we have no respect for nature and its gifts as we carry on with the destruction of forest, depletion of our coal beds and crude oil deposits and he said the reason for this is greed and the lust for material things which would lead to the ultimate destruction of our planet earth. As a result of these material lust habitants on the planet earth has suffered disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis floods, which the writer claims is unknown to them in mars. He also stated in the last paragraph of chapter four that the people of mars has no worries in their mind which is in accordance with Christ message ‘’seek ye first the kingdom of GOD and his righteousness, and all these things shall be added on to you( matt6:33). In chapter V the writer pointed out the way material things in mars are been classified as and compared it to the way we earthlings also value these material things. In mars material things has no value as the Martians believes that all property belongs to God and no being in the universe should claim it for his or herself, but man has developed a social habit of  stamping lands, claiming seas, love of money, and other material things instead of fighting for the riches of the heavens and wealth the father (Christ) has kept for them in hi s home above. The millions of Martians lived as one family. It is this solidarity, this filial consideration that one holds for the other that has made the stupendous and gigantic public works on mars. It has been made clear that the Martians do not in any way look down on anybody on their planet; none is richer than the other, they all share the same common wealth compare to that of the earthlings. Another social view of the Martians way of life is there religious believe. All Martians accepts Christ as the as there saviour and is been taught about him right from their infant stage. The Martians has no church system and no ecclesiastical hierarchy, all Martians recognised and worship one God which is the eternal father. While us earthlings out of greedy and selfishness for our own interest and glory broke out of the faith and teachings of Christ which is love. Love is the centre of all good things as taught by Christ when he came to our earth 2,000 years ago. And because the Martians have accepted these things crime has been totally erase from their planet. Mars has no political system; since there is love among them love rules them, unlike us on earth that cannot live and prosper without the aid and guidance of a complex administrative system. As quoted by the Maritain ‘’ WHERE THERE IS NO SIN THERE IS NO NEED OF LAWS; FOR THE RIGHTOUS MAN IS A LAW UNTO HIMSELF. I n chapter X this book tells us that mars is generally ruled by love. Mars has a religion which can be expressed in two thoughts: ‘’LOVE’’ and THY WILL BE DONE, NOT MINE’’. While we on Earth, have created a religion to satisfy our conventionalities and because we refuse to accept the common truth which is there is only one true GOD we cannot advance to a higher stage. The Martian system of education as stated by the writer is far better than we on earth. Their education starts from the mother’s knee and the very first thing taught is how to acquire the spiritual knowledge to the Martians GOD comes first, THE HOME IS THE PRIMARY SCHOOL, JUST AS A PHSICAL EXSITANCE ON A PLANET IS THE KINDERGATEN OF A NEVER –ENDING LIFE .THE PARENT ARE THEW FIRST TEACHERS in mars. We on earth look at school in a different point; in our society school is more less a prison for children why? Because knowledge is not been taught but is been forced by the teachers in terms of using grades to rank the children thereby making some superior to the other in  class. The task of a teacher is not to teach knowledge but to help in bringing out what is already latent in the soul; such is the Martian way of teaching. In conclusion, the writer has mentioned things like greediness, selfishness, lust for material things, failure to accept the truth, hatred, as things which we earthlings possess in our society and it has been our way of life and unless we accept love among each other destruction awaits our world. The writer has mentioned earlier that he has not come to condemn us or to act as a superior but to show us how to seek redemption and come back with Christ in peace and harmony as it has once been in the years of our first father and mother on earth, ( ADAM AND EVE) before sin separated us. The announced that the only way out is LOVE which is the greatest of all things. And with love there would be no crime and for us to seek this great love we have to repent and ask for forgiveness from the heavenly father. He went as far as boasting with his home planet and this they have achieved so far by accepting Christ and his love, without this earth is doomed and there is no other way to escaped fro m the destruction that awaits us. This was his vision of making an ideal society. LOVE RULES AND ACCORDING TO THE TEACHING OF CHRIST, GOD IS LOVE. (THEOPHLIUS)

Milk (Movie with Sean Penn) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Milk ( with Sean Penn) - Movie Review Example Therefore, he was able to alter and strive for achievement of human right. However, his ambitions were short-lived by his death in 1978 (Sandhu, 1). This paper will review the movie "Milk" and it outlines changes in attitudes that has occurred since late 1970s after assassination of Harvey Milk up to the present. Attitudes have changed significantly since 1970s and this is evident assessment of the transition from the combustible and cynical period in the history to the present (Sandhu, 1). For instance, it was not common for people hear or talk about gays; in fact, there were attacks of the equitable-right litigation. However, this transition was evoked by Milk’s activism, despite being hampered by his death in 1978 due to political rivalry; this led to gradual change of attitude towards gays, which is seen today (Jones, 1). Moreover, Milk’s activism to promote equitable gay rights as has been substantially associated with the civil rights, which were supported by Mart in Luther King. Therefore, as presented by the movie, there is a significant role played by Sean Penn, whereby he presents a character, mediocre comic strips of battered manliness. Moreover, he presents a moderate, demonstrative masquerade of the extrovert businessmen operating from Wall Street (Travers, 1). The changes in attitude as introduced by this movie can be attested to by Milk’s reinvestments and political people’s imagination, who were not gays. Moreover, this acceptance of gays by other members of the public has continued from 1970s to the present. This movie presents Emile Hirsch, who becomes an activist, together with Diego Luna, who is Milk’s lover (Jones, 1). Moreover, this movie presents a good reason for change of attitudes towards gays, whereby Milk is both attractive, and has a perspective attributes. On the other hand, there are proponents of same-sex marriages such as California’s Propositions eight. However, due to the changed attitu de there are few politicians, who have been working hard to support legalization of same-sex marriages. The movie presents resentment towards gay people, which was portrayed by Dan White, who shot Harvey Milk and George Moscone in 1978 (Ebert, 1). In addition, their death was the forty-eight among the crusader for gay rights in San Francisco. Dan worked with these victims in the city’s board of supervisors, and he decided to shot them in the City Hall (Travers, 1). Nonetheless, cases of death among gay people due to the negative attitudes and heated from other members of the society have greatly reduced since 1978. It is evident that "Milk" offers pertinent ideas regarding transformation of lives among gay people since the death of Harvey Milk and his pursuit for achieving equitable rights (Travers, 1). Therefore, even after his death other that succeeded him was able to achieve prosperity, which was inform of freedom over state persecution, political and social cause. In thi s case, the movie indicates some decisions made by people despite their emotional devastation. In addition, this memorable situation is presented at the end of the movie, where Harvey Milk is considered a hero (Ebert, 1). Milk is also depicted as an ordinary man, who has a range of attributes such as being idealistic, humorous, inconsistent, insightful, optimistic, and

Blindness in the workforce and and its associated challenges Research Paper

Blindness in the workforce and and its associated challenges - Research Paper Example finition for visual impairment was explicitly qualified as â€Å"difficulty or inability to see words and letters in ordinary newspaper print even when wearing glasses or contact lenses† (The Lighthouse International, 201, par. 3). A collection of other statistics on employment of visually imparied persons are summarized below: Likewise, the average annual earnings of visually impaired people were noted to be lower by as much as 33% when compared with those earned by workers without disabilities ($22,106 versus $32,870) (The Lighthouse International, 2012, par. 5). These figures reveals that visually impaired and legally blind people exhibit lower employment rates and average annual incomes despite laws that protect them from being discriminated and prejudiced in the work setting. The study conducted by Malakpa (2007) has noted different impediments to employment and the challenges met by visually impaired and legally blind people are likewise discussed by Stephens (2007), Papakonstantinou and Papadopoulos (2010), and McCarthy (2003) in separate discourses. The impediments that were noted by Malakpa (2007) for blind and visually impaired people include employers’ fears and doubts on hiring them and the lack of understanding for appropriate support to be accorded to them (Papakonstantinou & Papadopoulos, 2010). As emphasized by Stephens (2007), â€Å"the lack of information employers have about adaptive and assistive technologies and techniques†¦(indicated) that employers ‘feared blindness’† (p. 22). On the points of views of the visually impaired, Malakpa (2007) averred that â€Å"job acquisition for the blind and visually impaired is impeded frequently by a lack of knowledge regarding prospects, possibilities, training options, and procedures for search and application† (p. 55). Thus, impediments are eminent from both the perspectives of the blind applicants and those of the potential employers in terms of accuracy and availability of information that would

Los angles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Los angles - Essay Example However, the once underdeveloped city started experiencing exponential growth after the construction of the Santà © Fe railway lines. Consequently, Los Angeles would emerge as an economic base in farming and the oil refineries. Additionally, tourism and real estate started gaining prominence in the city. Notably, the production of movies and the location of Hollywood in the city have made Los Angeles and California in extension a prime location for local and international visitors. Today Los Angeles is best known for the production of movies, music, video games, and TV shows boost the city’s fame worldwide. Los Angeles boasts of other attractions such as the popular walk and the famous Getty Museum. A visit to the Los Angeles fulfills ones dreams and presents an experiment of a lifetime. Things to do in LA include; the thrill of visiting Hollywood is an opportunity one can exploit while alive, this chance presents a visitor with a unique occasion to share the moment with celebrities. A visit to the Disney Concert Hall offers Disney world one of the most established children entertainment theaters and indoors entertainment and sporting events (Jonson’s 2012, p.134). In Disneyland, tickets for adults goes for $99 and $93 for children per day. However, young ones who love theme parks will also enjoy Universal Studios. Moreover, the walk of fame makes every visitor feel famous; the chance to share this moment with family and loved ones presents a relaxed moment in the middle of the city. Further, LA ensures that a tourist get a unique chance to live his or her handprints encrypted forever in the Grauman’s Chinese Theater. The Beverly Center is a classic ambiance for c hildren and the family. The Grand Park in the civic center is filled with benches and open area where a family day out is well spent with a magnificent view the fountains. Tourists get a unique taste the of the culture in LA by visiting museums such as the Getty Museum, and the

Sustainnability through markrting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainnability through markrting - Essay Example While dictating a broad range of guidelines (both legal and quasi-legal) to the governments and the corporate sector towards exercising discretion and good-sense in their utilization of the natural resources for development, the idea of sustainability also carried an immense potential for marketing and image projection for organizations. Organization that have taken steps to assimilate the sustainability issues in their governance and policies are able to reap the benefits of efficiency in their processes, as well as garner an image of good corporate citizenship that’s priceless in terms of their brand equity. Organizations that continue to take a traditionalist view of their stakeholders’ aims as one of wealth or profit maximization are oblivious to the veritable goldmine of benefits that a sustainability-focused marketing strategy can bring. StoraEnso, an integrated paper, packaging and forest products company, is leading the way to success through its sustainability initiatives, and serves as an apt example under the present discussion. The paper giant is placed in an industry that is increasingly looked down upon for the adverse impact that its operations have on the environment. With environmentalists and local communities bitterly fighting against the felling of trees and the threat of ecological imbalance, and governments vacillating between the profitability and community pressures, the paper industry has more on its plate than just the need to streamline its operations. StoraEnso has however changed this threat into an opportunity – by promptly incorporating the social and environmental sustainability commitments into its vision and mission, it is able to make foray into newer markets in addition to consolidating its position as a market leader in the existing markets. Instead of observing the local communities as enemies and environmentalists as blackmailers, StoraEnso believes in acknowledging their concerns, and working with them as

Characteristics of Partner Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Characteristics of Partner Violence - Essay Example They are also excessively jealous and will always say that jealousy is a sign of love however jealousy is a sign of possessiveness and lack of trust. They accuse you of flirting with everybody. Abusers exhibit controlling behaviour and this is shown by at the beginning they will claim that they are concerned about your safety. They will be angry when you are late and closely question you about your whereabouts and who you talk to. Later on they will not let you make personal decisions and you end up asking for permission to leave the house (L.Petherbridge 2009). Abusers have unrealistic expectations or demands in which they expect a perfect partner, lover or friend. They expect that you take care of them emotionally, physically and sometimes economically. They use isolation to keep their partners off all resources so that you are centred on them. They will isolate you from your friends by accusing them of causing trouble (L.Petherbridge 2009). Abusers are prone to hypersensitivity as they are easily insulted and may take the slightest setback as a personal attack. They have dual personality as they can be charming and cruel at the same time. This characteristic makes it difficult for the victim to reach out for support from family and friends because they function well around work, friends and family and sometimes only the spouse is aware of the battering (L.Petherbridge 2009). Abusers are victims and his poor choices are everybody’s fault, he is never at fault and uses phrases like â€Å"you make me hit you†. They are critical and no matter how hard you try you will never be able to satisfy this kind of a person. They will degrade and insult you. Abusers are insincerely repentant and will swear never to â€Å"to hit you again† (L.Petherbridge 2009). Domestic violence is a pattern of controlling behaviours that are purposeful and directed at achieving compliance from and over a victim without regards for his or her right (M.C Dunbar 2002). One of the characteristics of an abuser in domestic violence is the person ridicules, criticizes and condemns. They put other people down to feel better about themselves. One should not allow someone to condemn, ridicule or criticize them (D.V Hoeff 2007). An abuser of domestic violence is not able to control their anger and usually anger easily. They are unable to reason through issues and difficulties often resort to abuse to get what they want (D.V Hoeff 2007). Another characteristic of an abuser is they are irresponsible and will use you and will not take responsibility for him. He then blames everyone else for his failures. He will also blame you for his own emotional reaction and bad behaviours (D.V Hoeff 2007). Abusers use forced sex on their partners or pressurise their partner to agree to forceful or violent acts during sex or want to act out fantasies where you are helpless. They are not interest in intimacy and their partner’s filings (D.V Hoeff 2007). Alcohol is t he most common substance of abusive and most people think that it causes domestic violence while in reality many perpetrators of domestic violence do not drink heavily. Substance of abuse does not necessarily cause someone to be violent but it often makes the violence worse. They are popularly used as scapegoats (S. Myers 2001). Alcohol and other drugs are used to

Civil Rights for Murderers with Intellectual Disability Essay

Civil Rights for Murderers with Intellectual Disability - Essay Example Intellectually disabled people start to have this problem at the age of around eighteen years and usually have an IQ of below 65. Therefore, it becomes challenging to determine the motive of the murder for such cases (Perske 470). Capital punishment can be exercised through various forms. For example in United States of America, a criminal can be killed by lethal injection, firing squad, hanging, gas or electrocution. There are several reasons for and against capital punishment. Some reasons for capital punishment are listed below. Firstly, it is the only punishment that can makes sure that justice is met for the person murdered. Since murder entails taking away the life of a person, then to have justice equally served for a murdered person is to have the guilt person sentenced to death (Blume, Johnson and Seeds 89) . Another purpose of capital punishment is that it offers relieve and closure for the family, relatives and close friends. It is always a human behavior to get satisfied when a murderer is killed too. This is most evidenced by angry mob that severally either beat the murderers to death or burn them alive. However if murderers are taken to court, people especially those close to the murdered person can only feel contented if the murderer is handed a death warrant. On top of that, another purpose of death warrant in our criminal justice system is to issue a warning to those people committing murder but most important to those who want to start it. Considering that everyone fears death, criminals will fear committing murder. The would-be criminals even when they want to rob, will try as much as possible not to kill anyone because of fear of capital punishment Therefore, death warrant serves as the best cautionary not only to murder cases but also all other crimes that can be committed (Strescino 57). Before execution of death penalty, the criminals spent many years in prison where they are secluded not only from

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework - Essay Example The procedure of PCR is useful because sometimes, during DNA tests and sampling procedures, more DNA than what is available is required. Biochemists find it very useful when they have large number of replicas of the DNA or nucleotides they are working at. Hence, they do not find it difficult finding the DNA, recognizing it during their experiments, and working with it. Restriction enzymes are used to separate the desired DNS from all others in case PCR is not applicable or recommended. These enzymes cut down segments of genomic DNA at particular nucleotide sites. To separate these DNA fragments, electrophoresis procedures are used. Small diameter capillary array gel electrophoresis provides quicker separation of fragments by the application of electric fields. This technique, which in this case is called pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), involves many ways, one of which is electro elusion which involves the use of multiple electrodes located orthogonally from the agarose gel containing DNA which is sealed in a dialysis tubing containing buffer. Small pulses of alternate current are passed all the way through this gel, which results in gene separation from the gel piece. The DNA is still in the dialysis tubing, so it is easily discoverable. Another way of recovering the DNA from the gel is by using agarase to digest the agarose, which leaves behind the desired DNA which we can separate easily. 16s rRNA gene sequencing is used for the identification of bacteria and studying of bacterial phylogeny and taxonomy. The reasons why DNA sequencing can be used for this purpose are many. First of all, 16s rRNA gene is present in nearly all bacteria. DNA sequences are not found in other organisms. Second, since the functionality of 16s rRNA has not altered with time, this means that we can use its sequence changes as an accurate measure of time or evolution. In other words, when we have to identify a lot of diverse types of organisms, we require two main

Do conflicts management styles Affect group decision making Annotated Bibliography

Do conflicts management styles Affect group decision making - Annotated Bibliography Example Conflict management style has been studied in this article while looking at three approaches; integrative, avoidance, distributive; focusing on conflict management rather than resolution because there is no ideal solution to a conflict, but the ability of the conflicting parties to work through their issues. (Tim Kuhn, 2000) Group conflict management is an all inclusive process as it does not stifle the group members’ diverse perspectives, allowing for a range of alternatives that are possible outcomes of the process. These possible outcomes are looked into while assessing the quality of decisions with an emphasis on the performance and subjective outcomes of the decision making process. A decision’s functional theory is guided by group interaction leading to critical thinking thereby directly shaping the final choice of the group. (Tim Kuhn, 2000) The article while analyzing the integrative, avoidance and distributive approaches, favors the integrative approach hypothesizing that the group using the integrative approach will have the highest level of effectiveness in their decision making process as opposed to the other two because it encapsulates several perspectives therefore fostering positive, subjective and objective outcomes. (Tim Kuhn, 2000) The article examines task complexity vis a vis decision making capabilities while using a study method that incorporates both qualitative and quantitative procedures. The study design employs direct observation of established groups over a period of time. The study uses data from videotaped meetings of the group because of the sheer size and extent of the study. Out of the 47 episodes of data collected, 45 were on video tape and 2 on audio tape. The subjects seem self conscious at first owing to the presence of the video cameras but warm up to the idea of having them around and consequently relaxed. (Tim Kuhn, 2000) Group conflict management style was identified by observing how

Coffee Shop Essay Example for Free

Coffee Shop Essay â€Å"Closing Time† has the meaning set out in section 1. 3; â€Å"Contract† means a formal written contract between the City and a Preferred Proponent to undertake the Services, the preferred form of which is attached as Schedule B; â€Å"Evaluation Team† means the team appointed by the City; â€Å"Information Meeting† has the meaning set out in section 1. 4; â€Å"Preferred Proponent(s)† means the Proponent(s) selected by the Evaluation Team to enter into negotiations for a Contract; â€Å"Proponent† means an entity that submits a Proposal; â€Å"Proposal† means a proposal submitted in response to this RFP; â€Å"RFP† means this Request for Proposals; â€Å"Services† has the meaning set out in Schedule A; â€Å"Site† means the place or places where the Services are to be performed; and â€Å"Statement of Departures† means Schedule C-1 to the form of Proposal attached as Schedule C. Instructions To Proponents 2 Closing Time and Address for Proposal Delivery Proposals must be received by the office of the: Kam Grewal, BBA, CMA Acting Purchasing AP Manager Address:6645 – 148 Street Surrey, BC V3S 3C7 on or before the following date and time (the â€Å"Closing Time†): Time: 3:00 pm local time Date: Monday, July 5, 2010. Submissions by fax [or email] will not be accepted. There will be no extension to the Closing Time for the submission of proposals. 3 Information Meeting An information meeting may be hosted by the City Representative to discuss the City’s requirements under this RFP (the â€Å"Information Meeting†). While attendance is at the discretion of Proponents, Proponents who do not attend will be deemed to have attended the Information Meeting and to have received all of the information given at the Information Meeting. At the time of issuance of this RFP a meeting has not been scheduled. 4 Number of Copies. Proponents should submit the original plus 5 hard copies (6 in total) of their Proposals. 5 Late Proposals Proposals received after the Closing Time will not be accepted or considered. Delays caused by any delivery, courier or mail service(s) will not be grounds for an extension of the Closing Time. 7 Amendments to Proposals Proposals may be revised by written amendment, delivered to the location set out above, at any time before the Closing Time but not after. An amendment must be signed by an authorized signatory of the Proponent in the same manner as provided by section 2. 3. Fax amendments are permitted, but such fax may show only the change to the proposal price(s) and in no event disclose the actual proposal price(s). A Proponent bears all risk that the City’s fax equipment functions properly so as to facilitate timely delivery of any fax amendment. 8 Inquiries All inquiries related to this RFP should be directed in writing to the person named below (the â€Å"City Representative†). Information obtained from any person or source other than the City Representative may not be relied upon. Kam Grewal, BBA, CMA Acting Purchasing AP Manager. Address:City of Surrey – Purchasing 6645 – 148 Street Surrey, BC V3S 3C7 Phone: 604-590-7274 Fax:604-599-0956 Email:[emailprotected] ca Inquiries should be made no later than 7 days before Closing Time. The City reserves the right not to respond to inquiries made within 7 days of the Closing Time. Inquiries and responses will be recorded and may be distributed to all Proponents at the discretion of the City. Proponents finding discrepancies or omissions in the Contract or RFP, or having doubts as to the meaning or intent of any provision, should immediately notify the City Representative. If the City determines that an amendment is required to this RFP, the City Representative will issue an addendum in accordance with section 1. 9. No oral conversation will affect or modify the terms of this RFP or may be relied upon by any Proponent. 9 Addenda If the City determines that an amendment is required to this RFP, the City will post a written addendum on the City website at www. surrey. ca (the City Website) and upon posting will be deemed to form part of this RFP. Upon submitting a Proposal, Proponents will be deemed to have received notice of all addenda that are posted on the City Website. 10 Examination of Contract Documents and Site Proponents will be deemed to have carefully examined the RFP, including all attached Schedules, the Contract and the Site (as applicable) prior to preparing and submitting a Proposal with respect to any and all facts which may influence a Proposal. 11 Opening of Proposals The City intends to open Proposals in private but reserves the right to open Proposals in public at its sole discretion. 12 Status Inquiries All inquiries related to the status of this RFP, including whether or not a Contract has been awarded, should be directed to the City Website and not to the City Representative. Proposal Submission FORM AND contents 2 Package Proposals should be in a sealed package, marked on the outside with the Proponents name, title of the Project and reference number. 3 Form of Proposal Proponents should complete the form of Proposal attached as Schedule C, including Schedules C-1 to C-4. Proponents are encouraged to respond to the items listed in Schedules C-1 to C-4 in the order listed. Proponents are encouraged to use the forms provided and attach additional pages as necessary. 4 Signature. The legal name of the person or firm submitting the Proposal should be inserted in Schedule C. The Proposal should be signed by a person authorized to sign on behalf of the Proponent. 1 If the Proponent is a corporation then the full name of the corporation should be included, together with the names of authorized signatories. The Proposal should be executed by all of the authorized signatories or by one or more of them provided that a copy of the corporate resolution authorizing those persons to execute the Proposal on behalf of the corporation is submitted. 2 If the Proponent is a partnership or joint venture then the name of the partnership or joint venture and the name of each partner or joint venturer should be included, and each partner or joint venturer should sign personally (or, if one or more person(s) have signing authority for the partnership or joint venture, the partnership or joint venture should provide evidence to the satisfaction of the City that the person(s) signing have signing authority for the partnership or joint venture). If a partner or joint venturer is a corporation then such corporation should sign as indicated in subsection (a) above. 3 If the Proponent is an individual, including a sole proprietorship, the name of the individual should be included. evaluation and Selection 2 Evaluation Team The evaluation of Proposals will be undertaken on behalf of the City by the Evaluation Team. The Evaluation Team may consult with others including City staff members, third party consultants and references, as the Evaluation Team may in its discretion decide is required. The Evaluation Team will give a written recommendation for the selection of a Preferred Proponent or Preferred Proponents to the City. 3 Evaluation Criteria The Evaluation Team will compare and evaluate all Proposals to determine the Proponents strength and ability to provide the Services in order to determine the Proposal which is most advantageous to the City, using the following criteria: 1 Experience, Reputation and Resources The Evaluation Team will consider the Proponents responses to items in C-2 of Schedule  C including supplementary information. 3 Technical The Evaluation Team will consider the Proponents responses to items (i) to (vii) in C-3 of Schedule  C. 5 Financial The Evaluation Team will consider the Proponents response to C-4 of Schedule  C. (d)Statement of Departures The Evaluation Team will consider the Proponents response to C-1 of Schedule  C. The Evaluation Team will not be limited to the criteria referred to above, and the Evaluation Team may consider other criteria that the team identifies as relevant during the evaluation process. The Evaluation Team may apply the evaluation criteria on a comparative basis, evaluating the Proposals by comparing one Proponents Proposal to another Proponents Proposal. All criteria considered will be applied evenly and fairly to all Proposals. 4 Discrepancies in Proponents Financial Proposal If there are any obvious discrepancies, errors or omissions in C-4 of a Proposal (Proponents Financial Proposal), then the City shall be entitled to make obvious corrections, but only if, and to the extent, the corrections are apparent from the Proposal as submitted, and in particular: (a)if there is a discrepancy between a unit price and the extended total, then the unit prices shall be deemed to be correct, and corresponding corrections will be made to the extended totals; (b)if a unit price has been given but the corresponding extended total has been omitted, then the extended total will be calculated from the unit price and the estimated quantity; (c)if an extended total has been given but the corresponding unit price has been omitted, then the unit price will be calculated from the extended total and the estimated quantity. 6 Litigation In addition to any other provision of this RFP, the City may, in its absolute discretion, reject a Proposal if the Proponent, or any officer or director of the Proponent submitting the Proposal, is or has been engaged directly or indirectly in a legal action against the City, its elected or appointed officers, representatives or employees in relation to any matter. In determining whether or not to reject a Proposal under this section, the City will consider whether the litigation is likely to affect the Proponent’s ability to work with the City, its consultants and representatives and whether the City’s experience with the Proponent indicates that there is a risk the City will incur increased staff and legal costs in the administration of the Contract if it is awarded to the Proponent. 8 Additional Information. The Evaluation Team may, at its discretion, request clarifications or additional information from a Proponent with respect to any Proposal, and the Evaluation Team may make such requests only to selected Proponents. The Evaluation Team may consider such clarifications or additional information in evaluating a Proposal. 10 Interviews The Evaluation Team may, at its discretion, may invite some or all of the Proponents to appear before the Evaluation Team to provide clarifications of their Proposals. In such event, the Evaluation Team will be entitled to consider the answers received in evaluating Proposals. 12 Multiple Preferred Proponents and Changes to the Proponent Team The City reserves the right and discretion to divide up the Services, either by scope, geographic area, or other basis as the City may decide, and to select one or more Preferred Proponents to enter into discussions with the City for one or more Contracts to perform a portion or portions of the Services. If the City exercises its discretion to divide up the Services, the City will do so reasonably having regard for the RFP and the basis of Proposals. Likewise, the City reserves the right to ask for changes in the member/s comprising the Proponent Team as it deems beneficial to the overall composition of the Team and without any obligation to justify its preference. In addition to any other provision of this RFP, Proposals may be evaluated on the basis of advantages and disadvantages to the City that might result or be achieved from the City dividing up the Services and entering into one or more Contracts with one or more Proponents. NOT APPLICABLE 14 Negotiation of Contract and Award If the City selects a Preferred Proponent, then it may: (a)enter into a Contract with the Preferred Proponent; or (b)enter into discussions with the Preferred Proponent to clarify any outstanding issues and attempt to finalize the terms of the Contract, including financial terms. If discussions are successful, the City and the Preferred Proponent will finalize the Contract; or. (c)if at any time the City reasonably forms the opinion that a mutually acceptable agreement is not likely to be reached within a reasonable time, give the Preferred Proponent written notice to terminate discussions, in which event the City may then either open discussions with another Proponent or terminate this RFP and retain or obtain the Services in some other manner. General Conditions 2 No City Obligation. This RFP is not a tender and does not commit the City in any way to select a Preferred Proponent, or to proceed to negotiations for a Contract, or to award any Contract, and the City reserves the complete right to at any time reject all Proposals, and to terminate this RFP process. 4 Proponent’s Expenses Proponents are solely responsible for their own expenses in preparing, and submitting Proposals, and for any meetings, negotiations or discussions with the City or its representatives and consultants, relating to or arising from this RFP. The City and its representatives, agents, consultants and advisors will not be liable to any Proponent for any claims, whether for costs, expenses, losses or damages, or loss of anticipated profits, or for any other matter whatsoever, incurred by the Proponent in preparing and submitting a Proposal, or participating in negotiations for a Contract, or other activity related to or arising out of this RFP. 6 No Contract By submitting a Proposal and participating in the process as outlined in this RFP, Proponents expressly agree that no contract of any kind is formed under, or arises from, this RFP, prior to the signing of a formal written Contract. 7 Conflict of Interest A Proponent shall disclose in its Proposal any actual or potential conflicts of interest and existing business relationships it may have with the City, its elected or appointed officials or employees. The City may rely on such disclosure. 8 Solicitation of Council Members and City Staff. Proponents and their agents will not contact any member of the City Council or City staff with respect to this RFP, other than the City Representative named in section  1. 8, at any time prior to the award of a contract or the termination of this RFP. 10 Confidentiality All submissions become the property of the City and will not be returned to the Proponent. All submissions will be held in confidence by the City unless otherwise required by law. Proponents should be aware the City is a â€Å"public body† defined by and subject to the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act of British Columbia. Schedule A. SERVICES 1. GENERAL This RFP is inviting potential Proponents to submit Proposals to act as the tenant and sole vendor for a proposed coffee shop (the â€Å"Coffee Shop†) at the Surrey City Centre Library (the â€Å"Library†), currently being constructed at 10350 University Drive, Surrey, BC. The successful Proponent will be responsible for the managing and daily service of the Coffee Shop located on the ground floor of the Library. There will be an opportunity for the successful Proponent to provide catering for meetings and other similar functions, although it is not mandatory for the client to use the Coffee Shop for catering. 2. BACKGROUND As part of the Surrey City Centre plan review and update, the Surrey City Council has approved the construction of a new 5-level library. While the project is currently in the design phase, construction has commenced due to the fast track nature of the project. Currently excavation is complete on the basement and the ground floor slab and reinforcement is being set. It will be poured by Friday June 18, 2010. The Library is conveniently located near bus loops, transit and SkyTrain. The Library will eventually become part of a plaza where community celebrations will take place. Once completed it will be Surrey’s largest library at 75,000 square feet. The City’s new Library will be a unique state of the art environmentally friendly landmark that provides access to the broadest range of information, learning opportunities, and diverse cultural experiences. The new Library will be: The centrepiece for Surrey’s City Centre; adorned in architectural excellence for the 21st century, the library will contribute to the vitality of the city and put Surrey in a class with other great cities. A foundation for the City’s future success by boosting economic and cultural activity and attracting visitors from all parts of the country. A source of pride and a great public space, where the community gathers to celebrate, reflect, connect and share information, knowledge and culture. 3. PROJECT GOAL The goal of this project is to identify a coffee and related food services operator for the Library. 4. THE COFFEE SHOP An exciting opportunity exists on the ground floor to operate a commercial Coffee Shop. The Coffee Shop is located in a high traffic area, between the two main entrances, elevators and new book display. The licence awarded to the successful Proponent would also include a seating area where customers can sit. The consumption of food within the Library itself is allowed. There are several meeting rooms and a large room which can host community events, along with teen areas, study areas, children’s areas and much more. It is also expected that the Library will be utilised by SFU students on a constant basis. 5. LIBRARY HOURS Library opening hours are: Monday to Friday9:30am – 9:00pm Saturday10:00am – 5:00pm Sunday 1:00pm – 5:00pm 6. 2009 PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC The following figures represent the estimated visits at all the public library branches for 2009. |BRANCH |VISITORS | |Cloverdale | 163,605 | |Fleetwood | 262,717 | |Guildford | 582,361 | |Newton | 357,045 | |Ocean Park | 193,167 | |Port Kells | 7,410 | |Semiahmoo | 305,162 | |Strawberry Hill | 357,166 | |Whalley | 276,406 | It is estimated that traffic for the Library will mirror that of the Whalley branch, and is expected to increase due to the development taking place in the area. 7. EXPECTATIONS OF THE SUCCESSFUL PROPONENT The City would require the successful Proponent to offer a variety of food and beverage choices that include healthy and nutritious options for all customers, many of whom are school-aged children. The Surrey Public Library Board has approved the policy (policy 3. 8 Healthy Food Options) that the Library provides a healthy food option for programs, special events and contests. No alcohol is to be allowed. There is to be no food smell generation if preparation is required and there is to be no electric grinding (e. g. coffee beans) on the Coffee Shop floor due to noise levels. All grinding can be done in the storage room, manually or prior to Library opening hours. Loading of stock for the Coffee Shop can be done via the west entrance of the ground floor or via the elevators from the underground parkade. Persons meeting in the conference rooms are permitted to cater from external companies although there is the opportunity for the successful Proponent to cater these functions if prior arrangements are made between the two parties. The opening date for the Coffee Shop is yet to be determined, however, it is expected to be up and running by early Summer of 2011. The Coffee Shop is expected to be operational during Library opening hours. Opening times for the Coffee Shop are to be from the Library’s opening time to half an hour prior to the Library’s closing. The successful Proponent would be able to enter the building half an hour prior to the Library’s opening time. The successful Proponent is to supply any equipment needed for the Coffee Shop to function including, but not limited to, coffee machines, refrigerator, signage, counter cooler case, etc. All business licences and food permits are the responsibility of the Proponent. 8. SUCCESSFUL PROPONENT’S WORK RESPONSIBILITIES a) Should there be any structural changes which have been reviewed and approved by the City prior to the execution of such changes, the tenant is to supply all tenant improvement plans signed and sealed by professional engineers or architects to be approved by the City. b) The tenant is to provide evidence of insurance for the City`s approval as specified in the License Agreement (refer to Schedule B – License Agreement). c) The tenant is expected to supply all equipment needed to sufficiently run the coffee shop including, but not limited to, coffee machines and espresso equipment, undercounter refrigerators, shelving in the storage room, display cooler case, paper towel dispenser, milk cooler, microwave, cash register and trash bins. 9. COLD DRINK BEVERAGES The City has an agreement with The Pepsi Bottling Group (Canada), Co. (â€Å"Pepsi†), for the exclusive supply of cold drink beverages for all City facilities, including the Library. Therefore, the successful Proponent is to work directly with Pepsi for the supply of cold drink beverages, including: †¢ Carbonated soft drinks †¢ Teas other than fresh brewed †¢ Juices. †¢ Juice-based products †¢ Lemonade †¢ Isotonics †¢ Sports drinks †¢ Energy drinks †¢ Bottled water Excluded Beverages: †¢ Milk †¢ Flavoured milk †¢ Cold coffee †¢ Branded or unbranded fresh brewed coffee or tea †¢ Hot chocolate †¢ Unbranded fresh squeezed juices †¢ Smoothies and milkshakes The agreement with Pepsi is to expire in 2011. 10. SNACK FOODS The City has an agreement with Ryan Company Ltd. (â€Å"Ryan Vending†), for the exclusive supply of a healthier snack foods program and vending services for all City facilities, including the Library. Therefore, the successful Proponent is to work directly with Ryan Vending for the supply of snack foods. 11. CITY’ RESPONSIBILITIES The City is to complete the Licence Area, as set out in Schedule B, in a good and workmanlike manner, at the City’s cost, using new materials and to the following extent: a) Interior wall taped and sanded drywall to code, painted white; b) Ceiling is to be painted concrete; c) The floor will be finished with a rubber covering; d) Counter tops on the horizontal front counter is to be a white laminate; e) The vertical section of the counters shall be an East Coast maple; f) The counter at the back of the shop floor containing the sink, and the backsplash, is to be white Corian; g) There will be an apple ply edging where the vertical edge of the counters meets the horizontal at the front counter; h) There is to be recessed lighting fixtures above the back counter, surface mounted fixture on painted concrete ceiling to light signage and menu and pendant fixtures at the front counter; i) All signage, including Menu board, must be approved by the City and the design team (Bing Thom Architects). The preferred signage for the Coffee Shop is electric flat screens, however, the design team is open to ideas regarding electronic signage from Proponents. This will have no impact on the evaluation of the Proponent’ Proposal; j) The City will provide the main sink and handwash sink located in the back counter; k) A 25mm domestic hot and cold water line with backflow preventor will be installed for refrigerator and coffee machine; and l) A 20mm domestic hot and cold water pipe and a 40mm sanitary drain will be installed for each of the two (2) sinks. term The Proponent will provide the Services set out in this Schedule  A and A-1 for a term not to exceed five years (including renewal) commencing in the early Summer of 2011 (the Term). A. The Licensor is the owner of those lands and premises located at 10350 University Blvd within the City of Surrey, Province of British Columbia, and more particularly known and described as: Parcel Identifier: 028-179-951 Parcel 1 Section 27 Block 5 N Range 2 West New Westminster District Plan BCP44240 (the Lands) on which is located theCity Centre Library. B. The Licensee wishes to obtain from the Licensor a licence to use those portions of the building located on the Lands as follows: 1. Area A Concession and Storage Room (Licence Area A) which area is approximately 141. 9 sq. ft. and shown on the plan attached hereto as Schedule A; and 2. Area B Seating Area (Licence Area B) as shown on the plan attached hereto as Schedule A (collectively the Licence Area) C. The Licensee intends to use the Licence Area for the retail sale of coffee, tea, and other products as outlined in this Licence. D. Licence Area A shall be for the exclusive use of the Licensee, and Licence Area  B shall be for the non-exclusive use of the Licensee. NOW THEREFORE in consideration of the sum of ONE DOLLAR paid by each of the parties to each other and other good and valuable consideration (the receipt and sufficiency of which each party hereby acknowledges) the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 1. In this License the parties agree that: (a)Additional Rental means the moneys payable hereunder, together with all other sums of money, whether or not designated as Additional Rental, to be paid by the Licensee whether to the Licensor or otherwise under this License save and except Minimum Rental and Percentage Rental; (b)Commencement Date of Term means ______________, 2011; (c)Gross Revenue means the entire amount of the sales price, whether wholesale or retail, for cash, credit, or otherwise of all sales of merchandise and services, and all other receipts and receivables whatsoever of all business conducted at, in, upon, or from the Licence Area, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, receipts and receivables in respect of any sale effected by the Licensee using any computer. Electronic, telephone, internet, or like system, where the Product is sent via the Licence Area or by the Licensee directly to a consumer, orders taken at or received at the Licence Area, although such orders may be filled elsewhere by the Licensee, deposits not refunded to customers, the selling price of gift certificates, charges to customers in the nature of interest or carrying or financing charges, sums, and credits received, and settlement of claims for loss of or damage to goods. No deductions shall be allowed for uncollected or uncollectible credit accounts. There shall not be included in Gross Revenue: (i)any sums shown separately from the price and collected and paid out for any direct retail sales tax imposed by any duly constituted governmental authority; (ii)the exchange of goods and merchandise between the stores of the Licensee, if any, where such exchange of goods or merchandise is made solely for the convenient operation of the business of the Licensee and not for the purpose of consummating a sale which has previously been made or agreed to be made at, in, from, or upon the Licence Area or for the purpose of depriving the Licensor of the benefit of a sale which otherwise would be made at, in, from, or upon the Licence Area; (iii)the Licensee’s original cost of returns to suppliers or to manufacturers; (iv)the amount of merchandise sold when such merchandise is thereafter returned by the purchaser and accepted by the Licensee, and a complete credit is given to the purchaser; and (v)the selling price of gift or merchandise certificates or coupons sold other than from the Licence Area, provided that such gift or merchandise certificates or coupons shall be included in the calculation of Gross Revenue at the time of their redemption. (vi)Each sale upon an installment or credit basis shall be treated as a sale for the full price in the month in which that sale is made regardless of the time when the Licensee receives payment, whether full or partial, from its customer; (d)Lands means as hereinbefore defined in recital A; (e)Licence Year means a 12-month period commencing with the first day of January in one calendar year and ending on the last day of December of that year, providing that the first Licence Year shall commence on the Commencement Date of Term and end on the last day of December next following and the last Licence Year shall end on the last day of the Term and commence on the first day of January preceding that date; (f)Licence Area means Licence Area A and Licence Area B; (g)Licence Area A means those portions of the building located on the Lands shown highlighted in pink and marked as Area A. Concession and Area A Storage room, which area is approximately 141. 9 sq. ft. ; (h)Licence Area B means those portions of the building located on the Lands shown highlighted in yellow and marked as Area B. Seating Area; (i)Minimum Rental means the minimum annual rental reserved hereunder payable by the Licensee; (j)Product means coffee, tea, soft drinks, juices, pastries, sandwiches and related items as specified in the menu attached as Schedule C which menu may be amended from time to time with the agreement of the Licensor and the Licensee; (k)Percentage Rental means the percentage rental reserved hereunder and payable by the Licensee; (l)Real Property Taxes means all taxes, rates and assessments, whether general or specially levied or assessed for municipal, school, general or any other purposes by any lawful government authority payable by the Landlord in respect of the Demised Premises and shall include any other taxes payable by the Landlord which in the future are levied in lieu of or in addition to such taxes, rates and assessments the whole as finally determined for each calendar year as a result of assessment, appeal or judicial review, and shall include any legal fees, or appraisers fees incurred by the Landlord in respect of such final determination. (m)Rental means Additional Rental, Percentage Rental, if any, and Minimum Rental; and (n)Term means _______ (__) years commencing on the Commencement Date of the Term and ending on the _____ day of ________, 20__. 2. The Licensor hereby grants to the Licensee a licence to occupy and use Licence Area A on an exclusive basis and Licence Area B on a non-exclusive basis commencing on the Commencement Date of Term for Term unless sooner terminated as hereinafter provided. 3. To use Licence Area for the retail sale of the Products and to use Licence Area B to provide a seating area for the benefit of visitors to and staff of the City Centre Library and for no other purpose during the Term. 4. The Licensor covenants and agrees to pay to the Licensor, in lawful money of Canada, on the days and at the times hereinafter specified, Rental which shall include the aggregate of the sums required to be paid: (a)Minimum Rental and Percentage Rental: The Tenant shall pay the greater of: (i). Minimum Rental of $________ per month commencing on the Commencement Date of Term and the 1st day of each and every month thereafter throughout the Term; or (ii)the Percentage Rental which shall be ___% of Gross Revenue per Licence Year; (b)Additional Rental Any sums, costs, expenses or other amounts from time to time due and payable by the Tenant to the Landlord or to any third persons under the provisions of this Licence, including, without limitation, all amounts payable under Section 4. 3 and Article 5 and all amounts payable by the Tenant by way of indemnity, whether expressed in this Licence to be Basic Rent or Additional Rent or not shall be treated and deemed to be Rent and the Landlord shall have all remedies for the collection of such sums, costs, expenses or other amounts, when in arrears, as are available to the Landlord for collection of Rent in arrears. The Licensee shall also pay for: (i)the removal of garbage generated by the Licencee to the main garbage receptacle, cleaning of spills and pick up of litter in Licence Area B, and any other like service rendered to the Licence Area for the benefit of the Licensee and paid by the Licensor. (ii)the amount of Real Property Taxes applicable to the Licence Area in every Licence Year during the Term or any renewal thereof as and when prescribed by the Landlord.

Changing nature of the family

Changing nature of the family Introduction This essay consists of debates from three different social science perspectives analysing the issue of the changing nature of the family.The main argument of the essay is that the ,what reasons lead phenomenon of lone parent families and how it affects to society with focus on the Economics ,Sociology and Anthropology . This study will examine the long term effects of family divorce on children from lone parent families in comparison to the intact families. The major objective of this essay is to ascertain the extent to which the life experiences of children who experienced parental marital disruption differ from those whose parents remained together. Main body Despite the fact that what our society as a whole focuses people on family creation ,the single parent lifestyle becomes more and more popular. However singles are not monolithic social group as among them is dissolved, widowers and widows, and also those who even never married. Economic perspectives: Firstly ,from the economic perspectives it will explain : The number of single parent double increased since the 1970s and It means is par of wider patterns of change in family structure. (Jane Millar 1991.p247) .According to Jane Millar, these changes in family structure represent, some problems for social policy, especially such problems as state financial support of families. The British system of social protection of families it has been based on three important points, the most important form of family support was with mans wages which help the state replace under certain conditions. (For example in such cases as unemployment ,illnesses , inability or death.) Besides laws in Great Britain have been based on the idea and they meant that when the woman will marry, their husbands would care of them. (Jane Lewis 1997, p.52) Actually, anything above is not correct more because of revolutionary changes in a role, the status and fundamental understanding of principles of marriage and expectations of a way of life. The increasing number of lonely parental families mentions and causes the basic problems about balance between a family and the state and separate financial duties and about roles of men and women as the parent and as workers. In 1991, it was the certificate of the Birth grant which has been carried out since 1993, represents attempt to change this balance, entering the new mechanism for settlement and the instruction of payment of service for children. (Kahn and Kamerman,1988 p248) Sociology perspectives: Secondly the most appreciable phenomenon characterising infringements of unity of a family are divorces. They promote comprehension by the person as imperfections of a family, and its social importance, it simultaneously all members of the family will get strong stress or even may cause illness and the valuable knowledge connected with the nature of the individual. Divorces in modern societies became the mass phenomenon. Their growth confirms the theory of the known philosopher of (M.Heidegger) about loss by the modern person of roots [216, with. 106]. Nevertheless both parents in destroyed family exercise less supervision over their child than parents exercise in intact families.(Jan Pryor and bryan Rodgers 2001,p 101). When parent divorce, often brings big changing life on children. For example there may be some changes like moving to a new place, house or moving to a new school . Loss of friendship and other familiar environment can switch on such changes in a family in itself (Sandler, Tein and the West, 1994) .For which its the potential factor, a source of numerous psihologo-pedagogical, mediko-social, socially-legal, is material-household and other problems suffer. Growth of number of the terminated marriages so, and children in the dissolved families in UK it is imposed on the processes accompanying an economic crisis (socially-legal vulnerability, poverty, unemployment and so forth) In this connection the problems generated by divorce, are perceived more sharply. Unfortunately, in the domestic family-demographic policy and social practice there was no concept of protection of children in a divorce situation, the complex and system approach to the decision of their problems is not developed, possibilities of minimisation of destructive consequences of divorces are a little used. The steady tendency of increase in number of the dissolved families does not allow to hope for fast elimination of the phenomenon and compels, along with measures on reduction of number of divorces, to bring an attention to the question on search of ways of optimisation of process of socialisation of minors within the limits of the broken most up family, that is about preventive maintenance and indemnification of negative consequences of parental rupture for children. These circumstances do actual a theme of the given work. Despite the fact that lone parents have more skills on growing of children, single parents arise often difficulties with discipline and behavior of child problems. Single parents usually appears stirred up by children or teenagers with difficult character and it is simple not in a condition to support the same level of discipline which can be in a family with both parents. Children of single parent family appear in problem situations and child have usually less parental control, than children who lives with both parents. Moreover Single- parents can be both fathers, and mothers, they can not possess skills on education. When the father contains a family, it should be sensitive to female problems, as well as to problems of boys if father has a daughter. Usually fathers are considered as those who brings home money and no more. In case of lone parents, the father should be able all gradually and replace a role of mum in a family. Even, when there are both parents, who transfer there back the child every week, should try to create the uniform environment for the child without dependence how they concern to each other. Everyone parents, actually, single parents should remain within certain parametres so that the child did not feel as if it or it can press on one or other parent. The discipline should be uniform and it is impossible to allow for the child to divide parents, simply. Final referencing 1 ) Nowadays men and women, have no limits of choosing work any more, both become are equal. As a consequence they can be now less confident the partner of a male and not the dependent in general. (Jane Lewis, 1997, p.104) 2 ) nado ili nenado ?Field(1989) argues that one of the main divisions currently emerging is that between lone mothers locked into long-term dependency on welfare benefits and others who pass through lone parenthood for brief periods . The stigma connected with single parents and children of single parents, is saved. Scientists continue to find the consent by the nature and size of family effects of structure on children. Some believed that the family structure negatively affects on the development of the child while others have accepted the fact what even with single parents there are some evidences that children have completely developed emotionally and intellectually despite their circumstances agree (Hawkins and 1991 Eggebeen), unlike a stereotypic kind of single parental house economy as is integral imperfect, the majority of single parents provides structure, values and nurturance which their children require despite problems and critical remarks which they face. Their houses are not broken, their lives are not unfortunate, and their children can have problems, but most finally to prosper. (Walsh, 2003, p123) it is similar Petterson (2001) also asserted that successful single parental house economy throw down a challenge to concept that the most healthy structure demands two parents.

Care Plan and Interventions for Suicidal Patient

Care Plan and Interventions for Suicidal Patient CARE DELIVERY This essay will explore the effectiveness of the care delivered to one of the author’s service users whilst on clinical placement. This essay will demonstrate how the author developed therapeutic relationships through the use of appropriate communication and interpersonal skills in order to achieve this. Furthermore this essay will look at the formulation and documentation of the service user’s care plan involving the service user’s family and carers within a framework of informed consent. This essay will also evaluate and document the outcomes of nursing and other interventions. This essay will finally discuss the opportunities utilised and created to promote the health and well-being patients. In line with the codes of conduct for the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2010), the author has sought and received voluntary and informed consent from the client whom the author will, for the purpose of confidentiality, be referred to under the pseudonym Alice Azonto. Further to this, all names and locations will be referred to under pseudonyms for the same purpose. The author will refer to Alice Azonto by her first name ‘Alice’ as is her preference. Alice is a 47 year old woman who attempted to commit suicide having taken an overdose of paracetamol following the death of her husband. She was rushed to a local hospital for medical attention when found by her neighbour and a good friend Dona in a semi-conscious state. Alice collapsed in her kitchen floor with empty sachets of tablets beside her and a suicide note addressed to her only son John who lives in a nearby city. It appeared that Alice has not been eating and drinking well. This resulted in weight lost and a chronic lung condition because of excessive smoking. It also appeared that Alice has been neglecting herself and there were signs she had made superficial cuts to her wrists. Alice was diagnosed of depression and was detained under section 2 of the Mental Health Act (MHA, 2007) when she refused to be admitted voluntarily following an assessment. Hospital environment can be very stressful for clients when they first arrive on the ward. Nurses need to engage positively with clients to develop therapeutic relationship. Barker (2009, p.36) argues that, therapeutic relationship empower clients to learn or cope more effectively with their environment. The nurse commenced a therapeutic relationship with Alice by initially introducing himself and addressed her by her preferred name. Alice was listened to and reassured by the nurse without any immediate advice or diminishing his feelings. NMC (2010) recommends that patients must be treated as individuals and respect their dignity. Alice was offered a daily 1:1 sessions with the nursing team which enabled staff identified his goals and wishes which were incorporated into his plan of care. Department of Health (DOH, 2006) asserts that 1:1 sessions are therapeutic; they enable the service user to engage well with staff as it empowers them to express their feelings and thoughts. A person-centred plan of care was devised in other to deliver effective care to promote Alice recovery. NICE (2009) recommends that treatment and care should take into account patients’ needs and preferences. It further suggests that people with depression should be given the opportunity to make informed decisions about their treatment and care together with their healthcare professional involved in their care. Different allied health professionals such as the psychiatrists, psychologists, GP, nurses, social workers, OT and other community care providers were involved Alice care because of the severity his complex mental and physical health needs. DOH (2004) the ten essential shared capabilities recommend that professionals, patients, families and carers should work in partnership to provide quality care. Consent was sought from Alice whether she wanted his son John to be involved in her care. Gaining consent is a legal aspect of mental health nursing and it shows that patients are treated with respect (Diamond, 2008 p. 234). Alice and her son were fully involved in every aspect of the plan of care. CPA (2008) recommends that patients, families and carers should be involved in decision making in regard to their care plans. The author and the nursing team provided Alice with vital information to promote her choice and to enable Alice to make informed decisions. To make sure Alice’s needs were still being met, the MTD reviewed her mental and physical health regularly and amended her plan of care accordingly with any significant changes. No Health without Mental Health (2011) affirmed that meeting service users other needs improves their quality of life and provides good well-being. Alice was initially nursed within eyesight observation which was later reviewed to general observation due to the nature of her illness and presentation per (NICE, 2005) recommendation. Alice had prompts, reassurance and full support from the nursing team in maintaining her personal hygiene needs. Alice had regular appointments with her GP to monitor her chronic lung condition and was also provided with bereavement support and counselling. NHS (2012) recommends that bereavement support should be offered to patients, carers, and families if they lose a dear one as it has impact on their mental health and well-being. Alice was made aware of options of treatment available to her as guided by (NICE, 2009). Food and fluid intake chart was also put in place to monitor her dietary. Alice was provided with the available social support networks and with the support of an OT Alice engaged in purposeful activities to help lift her mood up and promote her independence. New Horizons (2011, p. 136) suggests that occupational activities are therapeutic and they help patients to engage with staff and other patients on the ward and builds self-worth and confidence towards discharge. In addition to the antidepressant treatment, Alice also had the team psychologist inputs to help promote her prompt recovery. NICE (2009) recommends that, people with moderate or severe depression should be provided with a high-intensity psychological intervention i.e. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) or Individual Personal Therapy (IPT) with a combination of antidepressant medication. Papageorgiou, C. et al. (2011) affirms that, one of the most widely known types of psychological therapy for depression is CBT, which combines both cognitive and behavioural techniques into an integrated whole. The nurse and the MDT have educated Alice on how to promote healthier lifestyles choices and provided Alice with information in the form of leaflets about her condition and range of information on smoking cessation so that she can make her own informed choice. Wrycraft (2009) argues that, mental health promotion is an activity healthcare professionals carryout as part of their everyday practice in their roles and do not realise they are engaging in such activity. However at other times they actively seek information about health promotion activities Staff facilitated these health promotions by strengthening the patients on the ward, they increased emotional resilience through 1:1sessions and negotiating with the patients to promote her self-esteem and coping skills. The MDT should review her plan of care depending of her progress.

Gain Sharing :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Gain Sharing Employers are often faced with the challenge of looking for ways to boost productivity and profitability while at the same time, motivating employees to accomplish organizational goals. For many employers, variable pay plans have risen to meet this challenge. A variable pay plan ties pay increases to increased performance and productivity. One of the more popular group variable pay plans is called gain sharing. Under gain sharing pay programs, both the employer and the employee benefit from increased productivity. Therefore, gain sharing has often been referred to as a win-win pay program since it is an incentive strategy that ties pay to productivity. Gain sharing is a type of incentive plan designed to increase productivity by linking pay directly to specific improvements in a company’s performance. Gain sharing is used primarily when quantitative levels of production are important measures of business success. Gains are shared with unit/department employees on a monthly, qu arterly, semiannual or annual basis according to some predetermined formula calculated on the value of gains of production over labor and other costs. The plan lets employees reap some of the rewards of their efforts through teamwork and cooperation and by working smarter and harder. Gain sharing plans offer the following:  · Directly ties pay to some important measure of company performance  · Results in productivity improvements when installed  · Appropriate for all groups of employees  · Improves communications and teamwork among employees  · Increases employee awareness of "the big picture"  · Improves job satisfaction and employee relations  · Increases employee participation through involvement in the system Gain sharing pay programs have the following disadvantages:  · Time consuming to design, implement and administer  · Requires employee orientation, education and training  · Accurate and timely production and cost data must be available  · If not already in place, gain sharing requires a shift to participative management and employee involvement Once you decide to add a gain sharing plan to your company you must pick the type of plan you wish to implement into your company. The following is a description of different types of plans a company could implement. A Value Added Plan is the cost of materials and services is subtracted from sales to determine a value added figure. Employee costs are then compared to this figure to arrive at a value added index. This index is compared to value added for future periods to determine if there has been an improvement in productivity. To the extent that employee costs are less than would be the case by applying a value added index to a value added, there is a productivity gain to be shared.

Twelfth Night Essay: The Necessity of Cross-dressing -- Twelfth Night

The Necessity of Cross-dressing Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The action of Twelfth Night begins shortly after a damaging tempest shipwrecks the heroine, casting her upon foreign shores. Upon arrival in this strange seaport, Viola--like the Princess Leonide--dons male disguise which facilitates both employment and time enough to orient herself in this unfamiliar territory.    Viola's transvestism functions as emblematic of the antic nature of Illyrian society. As contemporary feminist and Shakespearean scholars are quick to point out, cross-dressing foregrounds not only the concept of role playing and thus the constructed or performative nature of gender but also the machinations of power. Viola can only make her way in this alien land if she assumes the trappings--and with these garments the--privileges of masculinity. Her doublet and hose act as her passport and provide her with a livelihood, a love interest, and friendship (just as Leonide's breeches allow her passage into Hermocrate's garden).    Viola's male masquerade also calls attention to the more general theme of masking. As Cesario, Viola suggests that things are not always as they seem, that identities are protean, that self-deception rivals self-knowledge and that only Time can untie complicated "knots." Coppelia Kahn points out that the cross-dressing in Twelfth... ... Critical Interpretations, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987) 43. For further discussion on renaissance gender performance and identity politics among Shakespeare's cross-dressed heroines, see Michael Shapiro's Gender in Play on the Shakespearean Stage: Boy Heroines and Female Pages (Ann Arbor: The University of MIchigan Press, 1994). 6- Elliot Krieger, "Malvolio and Class Ideology in Twelfth Night," Modern Critical Interpretation, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea HousePublishers, 1987) 24. 7- J.M. Lothian and T.W. Craik, "In troduction," The Arden Shakespeare: Twelfth Night , ed. Lothian and Craik (New York: Routledge, 1991) lvi.

Crushing the Native Americans

After the Civil War, Indians inhabited almost half of the United States. White Americans were urged to move west and settle, not taking regard that Native Americans already lived there. By the late 1800s most Indians had lost their land and had been driven onto reservations. Eastern Indians had already been forced to the west. A number of tribes weren't cooperative with moving onto reservations and changing their customs. This caused many battles between whites and Native Americans.During the Gold Rush of 1849, a lot of Native Americans were killed by white disease and minors burning their villages. These events were significant because they contributed to an up rise between white Americans and Indians. On November 29, 1864, Colonel John M. Chivington led an attack on the Cheyeane and Arapaho. They killed and scalped men, women, and children. I believe this was important because it showed the disregard for the tribes and how ruthless the whites were against them, but also warranted a treaty. The Fetterman massacre that took place in December 1866 was a big part of theSioux War of 1865-1867. Red Cloud, the Sioux Chief, lured Fetterman's army into an ambush and wiped out all of them. This took place again because of gold rush invasion and only shows the results of someone trying to take another's homeland. http://www. indians. org/articles/native-american-indians. html The Native American Indians were forced out of their homeland, resulting in many issues and events including the Trail of Tears. Most of them eventually converted to the European way of life by dressing the same and changing their religion to Christianity.

Media Policy

The issue of advance erupt versus staying in the closet is unmatched that has the potential to house a word of honor media organization with a large amount of money of readership or viewer-ship because of the still novel facial gesture of the situation. America is quickly be advent a more(prenominal) liberal conjunction, yet the conservativism inside the country is still high. magical spell galore(postnominal) people have pushed the envelope of conservatism, still a lot splutter with the idea of ch all in allenging traditions because of the many consequences that assure much(prenominal)(prenominal) a decision.The idea of organism homoerotic ( airy or lesbian) in spite of appearance American society still carries with it a brand that many try to avoid. The main reasons for the evasion of this stigma argon the attention that much(prenominal) a life style pass on summate to those who support it and the possibility of overt differ against such a life style by proceedivist or religious groups. Therefore, the approach shot out(p) of a homointimate provides pa intent that the general is highly interested in, and the developments that much follow such a annunciation are too highly intelligence agency worthy. Since it is the strain of this media house to provide training to the popular that it finds interesting and seminal, it is thereof the insurance policy of this organization to aim to be the branch at announcing the coming out of item-by-item homosexuals.The information regarding the life styles in which people rent to engage is very much dealed by critics of the media as personal and not as the business of the public. However, the American public has consistently identify what it estimates its own business through its attention to the details of the lives of many individuals. In fact, the public has demonstrated its commitment to learning such news through its restless sensory faculty of televised news programs, feature stories on the internet, and its compensable subscription to print media of varying take aims of credibility.Un exchangeable some media houses of demoralize credibility stipulation, this media house is dedicated to providing the true statement about the lives of any individual label as coming out of the homosexual closet. This media house takes this character reference of claim very(prenominal) seriously and is held to a high direct of integrity in providing proofs of any claims make to such effect. In this way, the curiosity and reside of the public regarding such matters will be satisfied not with impositions and fabrications, but with real accounts of very real and troubling issues.The media as an industry is not just a group of organizations that provide an update or commentary on the things that take keister in our society. Rather, its federal agency encompasses that of creating ethnic artifacts and diachronic records of the socio-cultural metamorphosis of a particular society over time (Gauntlett 115-6).Without this record, anthropologists who study a given era are at a loss when trying to garner an accurate account of the cultural practices within a given society. Homosexuality is an inherent part of the social practices of many Americans today, and terror or an inordinate level of mention for privacy oftentimes pushes people into a mode of overprotection of such lifestyles. The authority of the media is to effectively uncover such practices by aiding these persons in making their lifestyles and sexual preferences know to the public and therefore to posterity.Statistical considerations also exhort the media to engage in practices that out homosexuals who would otherwise remain hidden. Many reasons exist wherefore statistical bodies seek out demographical information that will give the percentage of homosexuals within a given district or in the country itself. Such measures as the creative capital level of a town use da ta c erstwhilerning the gay state as integral factors for unhurriedness (Florida, 41).Such measures help gauge the tolerance level of reliable regions, cities, or towns. In fact, it is often in the interest of horizontal the homosexuals themselves to lie with out, as it increases the confidence level of others like themselves who necessitate to live their lives out in the undetermined and refrain from hiding. Yet, homosexuals who decide to go by their lifestyles in the closet succeed entirely in skewing the statistical data, resulting in the underreckoning of the level of homosexual practice in a given region. This media house is commit to playing a role in this by encouraging, prompting, or otherwise effecting the open acknowledgement of the true level of quirkiness within a given subject.The role of the media as an announcer of the coming out of certain homosexuals is one that succeeds also in dowery such persons to liberate themselves from a stuffy public image tha t, in effect, adversely affects their lifestyle. Homosexuals who remain in the closet hightail it to have unnecessary burdens placed upon them, which the media should consider its humanitarian duty to remove. Such persons are unable to proclaim their love in the open.They are unable publicly to bring about simple actions, such as holding hands or kissing, which demonstrate their feelings toward their square other. It is often the eluding that such persons want desperately to rid themselves of these confinements and reveal their sexual preferences to the world. However, they lack the courage or the sum to stand up and make the contract bridge themselves. The media therefore provides a service to many of these persons by performing the unsavory act of coming out for them, so that they may begin their enjoyment of life openly professing and living what they indeed are in private.The media also plays a role that publicizes the lifestyle of homosexuals far beyond the borders of turn than they themselves would have been able to proclaim it. reality knowledge of the true proportion of the population that desires such a lifestyle provides in turn an impetus for changes in the effective structure of society that would facilitate such lifestyles. In other words, if enough homosexuals tonicity forward and come out, they may even get the legal recognition they desire.The media therefore facilitates not just the open lifestyle of such persons, but also apology and recognition of such a lifestyle so that they may be more able to live fulfilling life that contains all the accessories that make life fulfilling for heterosexuals. The role of the media in helping these persons come out will broadcast the view that such a lifestyle is legitimate. This is possible to prompt jurisprudence that will allow such persons to marry, conform to children, and perform other partnership roles once available lone(prenominal) to heterosexuals (Vargo, 114).Critics of the media a re likely to cite the observation that the publicizing of lifestyle practices of homosexual should be left to their discretion. However, it is often the discretion of these persons that tierce to the media finding out about their lifestyles in the first place. Furthermore, the media is also involved in publicizing romanticist details about the lives of heterosexualsmainly those persons such as public servants and entertainment personalities who live a large portion of their lives in the limelight.Since such stories are the domain of the media, and so other very similar stories involving the coming out of homosexuals are also considered to lie within the jurisdiction of the media. It is often the case that people are opposed to things only when they affect them personally, and this double standard ought to be avoided. Since a large proportion of Americans visualize themselves interested enough in this type of material to purchase magazines, then the media should consider it a duty to provide that material.It should be considered the perpetual policy of the media to continue to provide information to the public regarding the sexual status of the individuals who live within its domain. The efforts made by the media to out these personalities are beneficial not only to the individuals themselves, but to anthropologists and sociologists of posterity who may seek to understand the socio-cultural practices of persons of this era.The actions of the media concerning the state of crotchet in a given area are also beneficial to historians, who are likely to consult the media as cultural artifacts that give insight into the synchronic and diachronic development of certain occurrences of note in a given time. The media should be active in publicizing the coming out of homosexuals because of its role in informing the public and in legitimizing the homosexual lifestyle in a manner that is likely to lead up to the legalization of activities that occur in connection with i t.Work CitedFlorida, Richard. The Rise of the Creative year and How Its Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. Cambridge elemental Books, 2002.Gauntlett, David. Media, Gender and Identity An Introduction. New York Routledge, 2002.Vargo, Marc E. Acts of revelation The Coming Out Process of modern Gay Men. Birmingham Haworth Press, 1998.

Discrimination against Ainu in Japan

The Ainu atomic turn 18 a group of plurality in Union lacquer whose conventional purport was based upon a hunting-fishing and plant-gathering economy. Starting from the eighteenth coulomb the Ainu suffered the organizationatic encroachment and accompanying colonization by the Nipp one and only(a)se. After the Ainu Shinpo ( smart legality) was enacted in 1997, in that respect were close to exacting changes seen by Ainu community in Hokkaido. just dissimilarity against the Ainu still is a major decenniumder problem in feeling of indigenes.In this report card we pull up stakes investigate the conflicting narratives of in stealability, report and contemporary reality. While broadly analyze the exposelines of Ainu register and the colonisation of Hokkaido, the main(prenominal) commission is on the making and remaking of Ainu personal identity element by twain the dominant Nipponese and the Ainu themselves. By focusing on the kinetics surrounded by racial isation and cordial mobilisation at heart the context of colonial relations of domination, we allow for consider Ainu ethnicity as a reaction to racism.Discrimination against Ainu in lacquer The Ainu, descendants of the earlier inhabitants of Japan, were slowly driven off the main is belt down over the years and eventually colonised in Hokkaido. Accounts of the campaign to conquer the Ainu push by dint of in historic records as advance(prenominal) as the eighth century. The office of the shogun was before established to subdue the barbarians, sum the Ainu (Nomura, 1996). In the Tokugawa period, for instance, the Tokugawa shogun granted trading rights to one of the northern feudal lords.The feudal domain tonus by step tightened its stinting book over the is realm, trim down the native Ainu to a condition of semislavery and get them to harvest marine products (FRPAC). Although only just active eighteen thousand of the Ainu now withstand in Hokkaido, the northern so me is background of Japan, this population was unt old(a) larger in the past and their m melodic lineive get to taked at least southerly Sakhalin, the Kurile Is landed estates, northern parts of Honshu (the main island of Japan), and nigh atomic number 18as.Despite outsiders frequent use of the blanket edge the Ainu, Ainu culture was rich in intra pagan variations (Seligman & Watanabe, 1963). non only was their hunting-gathering economy vastly distinguishable from that of their agri ethnic neighbors (the Nipponese, Koreans, and Chinese), they spoke a vocabulary of their own, and some of their physical characteristics were thought to distinguish them from their neighbors. The question of Ainu identity continues to press right aside without a definitive answer (FRPAC). The Kurile Ainu were the hardest-hit victims of the Russians and the Nipponese the last of them died in 1941.Sakhalin south of 50 N had been the homeland of the Sakhalin Ainu, while the grunge north o f 50 N belonged to the Gilyaks and another(prenominal) communitys. The Sakhalin Ainu, estimated to bring on been amid 1,200 and 2,400 in number during the first half of the twentieth century, most likely moved from Hokkaido, possibly as early as the first millenary A. D. , but definitely by the ordinal century (Nomura, 1996). They were in close shock with so-called native populations both on Sakhalin and along the Amur, such as the Gilyaks, Oroks, and Nanays.The history of conflict with outsiders is equally complicated for the Hokkaido Ainu, whose territorial dominion once include north-eastern Honshu. As the Japanese telephone exchange government was plaster casted and its jampack expanded toward the northeast, the Ainu were gradually pushed north away from their territory (FRPAC). Systematic contact between the Ainu and the Japanese started at the end of the one-sixteenth century with the cheek of the Matsumae clan, which claimed as its territory the south-western en d of Hokkaido and the adjacent areas.In 1799 the Matsumae territory in Hokkaido came downstairs the direct control of the Tokugawa monocracy for the purpose of hold dearing Japanese inte balance wheels against Russian expansion southward. Administrative control changed again in 1821 to the Matsumae and then back to the one-man rule in 1854 (Nomura, 1996). Most drastic and allow changes took place shortly contemporary-fashionedr the establishment of the Meiji government in 1868. It brought Hokkaido on a lower floor the primordial governments direct administration and set out to foster Japanese settlements and develop the islands economy.The Ainu upset their land and their hunting and fishing rights. In golf-club to Japanize the Ainu, the government proscribed tralatitiousistic Ainu practices and constrained Ainu children to learn Japanese in the naturalise system (Layland, 2000). In 1875 the central and northern Kuriles came under the political control of the Japane se government, which make several attempts to protect the Ainu, but without success and often with inauspicious effect upon them (Nomura, 1996). The unexampled government abolished the residential restriction for both the Ainu and the Japanese, who could then inhabit anywhere in Hokkaido.It overly bear out the Japanese to immigrate to Hokkaido in order to utilize its natural resources. The Ainu were enrolled in the Japanese census registers and labored to attend Japanese rails established by the government. Beginning in 1883, the Ainu were uprooted from their settlements, granted plots of land much(prenominal) conform to for tillage, and encouraged to take up agriculture (Layland, 2000). In the post-World War II years, a doing among the Ainu to preserve their culture, nomenclature, and way of life emerged.The leadership of the Ainu Association of Hokkaido has requested the Japanese government to guarantee the basic rights of the Ainu battalion and respect their cult ural and ethnic identity (Layland, 2000). Just as the Ainu contacts with the Japanese went through a series of historical changes, so did the Japanese attitude toward them. Since the Ainu homeland is turn up in what use to be Japans northern frontier a hinterland for umpteen Japanese until recently the Ainu stood outside of the self-referent building of the Japanese during earlier historical periods.By the eighteenth century, however, the Ainu had clearly become one of the marginalized internal others indoors Japanese troupe (Nomura, 1996). Historical agents directly complex in this process were the Japanese governmental officials of different historical periods and the Japanese in the Ainu land. They viewed and represent the Ainu as uncivilized or primitive. tho the primitive always stick out another(prenominal) side for some Japanese, particularly those in parts of Japan distant from the Ainu homeland, the Ainu were and are even instantly the exotic other.This is es pecially so with Ainu women, living in nature, whose recessed eyes had exotic sexuality a familiar picture in around every case of colonial- colonized or majority-nonage kinship (Nomura, 1996). The Japanese perception and representation of the Ainu are most systematically expressed in a series of Ainu Japanese artists portrayals of the Ainu and their lives that appeared during a period of a little more than a century, from the descent of the eighteenth century to the midnineteenth century, that is, at the height of Japanese efforts to colonize Ainu territory.The hallmarks of otherness depicted in these paintings include hunting scenes, the bear ceremony, womens tattoos, mens clay hair and beards, and Ainu use of je come upery. In contrast to the Japanese, whose deities are primarily plants, the supreme god of the Ainu is the bear a sign of Ainu law of proximity to animals. The association the Japanese made between the Ainu and animals is also seen in their painstaking repr esentations of the bodies of Ainu.The Japanese, who do not live with much dust hair, often point to the abundant soundbox hair of the Ainu, as well as of Westerners, and use it as evidence that these wad are close to animals (Layland, 2000). The dispossession of the Ainu, which had largely been accomplished by 1890 through the expropriation of Ainu land (and fishing grounds) as the patriarchal economic resource on which colonial victimization was based, was institutionalised by the enactment of the tribute Act of 1899 (Nomura, 1996).With the Law for the security nib of primal Hokkaido Aborigines, a insurance of assimilation was strained upon the Ainu. As a consequence, their social structure and living environment went through a number of drastic changes as restrictions were present on their customs, language, and means of livelihood. The 1899 law contained new land policies that violated the Ainus territorial integrity. It banned traditional subsistence strategies such as deer hunting and salmon fishing, and also forced the Ainu to cultivate rice for the Japanese mainland.The law also prohibited the practice of antique Ainu customs and Ainu languages with no writing system of their own, these prohibitions shape uped the cultural destruction of Ainu lodge. There has also been a elevated rate of matrimony between Ainu and Japanese that has contributed further to the eating away of the Ainu language and culture. It is not surprising, then, that traditional Ainu society had been largely destroyed by the beginning of the 20th century. In the last hundred years, Ainu traditional lifestyles have largely disappeared, and their rights have been overlooked within Japanese society.The traditional Ainu settlement kotan can no long-lasting be seen, and the traditional grass thatch Ainu huts chise are roughly non-existent, the exceptions being holidaymaker areas where music and dance performances or work souvenirs are offered (Weiner, 1997). Th e Protection Act cogitate on three main areas of Ainu policy agriculture, education and welfare assistance, notably in the area of health check care. Ainu families engaged, or indirect request to engage, in agriculture were to be granted up to five hectares of undeveloped land as an allotment (kyuyochi) without charge ( bind One).This did not mean full rights of ownership discordant restrictions were placed on the transfer of the allotments which could not be sold or used to secure a mortgage, although they were exempt from land registration fees, local tax and land tax for thirty years (Article Two). bolt down not developed within cardinal years, however, would be repossessed (Article Three). Agricultural tools and seeds were to be made available for posity families (Article Four). Education was to be provided through the medium of special primaeval Schools (Kyudojin gakko) to be constructed at national outlay in Ainu villages (Article Nine).Financial assistance was availab le for school fees (Article Seven). For the destitute, sick, and people too old or too young to get themselves, medical fees would be paid. Funeral expenses were also covered (Articles quintette and Six). Some of the money for these mea accepteds was to come from the loot of Ainu communal property, which was under bureaucratic control, the rest from the national treasury (Articles Eight and Ten). Article Eleven empowered the Governor to bonk police ordersfines and periods of imprisonmentwith regard to fortress matters (Weiner, 1997).Later, in the 1950s and 1960s, wager in ethnic tourism and in the Ainu people began to grow. This elevated questions about the substance and meaning of Ainu cultural identity in consanguinity to the culture and identity of the more legion(predicate) Japanese. The image of Ainu with their traditional costumes and exotic facial features became increasingly prevalent through the victimization of tourism. Group photographs taken with Ainu chiefs in traditional costumes reflected the fascination with difference within the Japanese population.Many touristic souvenirs comprised Ainu bear woodcrafts and couple dolls (Kindaiti, 1941). Thus, the increase in post-war tourism, and its focus on the Ainu as good and symbols of autochthonous Japan, contributed in a positive way to some modest revitalisation within the Ainu community, but also raised question about their position in the social and political hierarchy of Japan (Weiner, 1997). The existence of the Ainu is virtually ignored elsewhere in the society, most conspicuously in the classroom.A report conducted in 1993 showed that only ten out of twenty high school Japanese history textbooks mentioned the background of contact between the Ainu and mainstream Japanese and the assimilation policies forced upon the Ainu since the nineteenth century only cardinal mentioned the Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Act (Weiner, 1997). However natural rights are decorous more widely discussed and cultures of indigenous peoples are becoming recognized throughout the terra firma, the Ainu indigenous movement has also been raised to the international level, rede constitutional reforms to expand their leverage, intelligence and rights at home.In 1993, the year before the International class of the Worlds Indigenous People, Nomura Giiti, the President of the Ainu Association of Hokkaido, was invited to go in in an international meeting organize by the unify Nations (Layland, 2000). In his speech, Nomura shared Ainu concerns with other indigenous groups, including the experience of the Ainu under the Japanese governments policy of assimilation after the late 19th century. He called for the fall in Nations to set international standards against discrimination and sustenance the Ainu people in negotiating with the Japanese government.The Ainu Shinpo (meaning new law) was drafted and proposed in 1984, and eventually passed on 8 May 1997. It states that The l aw aims to urinate the society in which the ethnic superciliousness of the Ainu people is respected and to contribute to the learning of diverse cultures in our country, by the performance of the measures for the promotion of Ainu culture, referring to the situation of Ainu traditions and culture from which the Ainu people find their ethnic pride Ainu refinement in this law means the Ainu language music, dance, rafts and other cultural properties that have been inherited by the Ainu people as well as other cultural properties developed from these (Weiner, 1997). Thus, the Japanese government had finally get togethern limited formal recognition to the Ainu as the indigenous minority within Japanese territory, at least in Hokkaido. The general reaction from the Ainu at the quantify of the endorsement of the new law was that it was late in coming and did not include enough concrete change.Yet with this initial step, both Ainu and Japanese people put on and expected more cultur al preservation of language and traditions, as well as legal protection for traditional land use, anti-discrimination policies, and a general improvement in Ainu social experimental condition. After the Ainu Shinpo was enacted in 1997, there were some positive changes seen by Ainu people in Hokkaido. They saw an increase in financial support for various kinds of cultural activities and conference, exhibition, and cultural exchanges with other indigenous groups in other countries increased.This provided the Ainu with opportunities to enhance their indigenous status in Japan, and to build contacts and share randomness with indigenous people around the instauration (Layland, 2000). With the enactment of the Ainu Culture forward motion Law, the Japanese government took a significant step towards officially acknowledging the existence of the Ainu as an ethnic minority. The law is Japans first legislation to hump the existence of an ethnic minority in the country and, unlike the Hokk aido Former Aborigines Protection Act which the new law replaces, the Ainu were involved in the process of its enactment.This preliminary move, however, stop short of recognising the Ainu as an indigenous people as defined by the United Nations. The Hokkaido Ainu thus remain virtually imperceptible in a country they have inhabited for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. One locus that plays a vital role in the representation of the Ainu in Japan today is ethnic tourism, which centres on tourist villages dissipate across Hokkaido (Layland, 2000).The Foundation for look and Promotion of Ainu Culture (FRPAC) was established in 1997, almost at the same time as the enactment of the Ainu Shinpo. The FRPAC started with an endowment of JPY100 one million million million (of which JPY 90 million is from the Hokkaido government and JPY 10 million is from 62 municipalities in Hokkaido that include Ainu residents) allocated to support diverse activities (FRPAC). With their two offices in Hokkaido and Tokyo, FRPAC operates under the four basic policies in promoting Ainu cultural traditions in Japan and the rest of the world (Weiner, 1997).During the past few years, FRPACs work has included providing different kinds of publications such as textbooks for primary and junior high schools, a vade mecum on place names (terminology) in Ainu language with relevant elaboration. Also, exhibition catalogues, monographs on Ainu history and culture (in different languages) for Japanese and foreigners, as well as other related materials, have been published with the support of FRPAC. A number of comprehensive exhibitions were co-sponsored by overseas institutes for the enhancement of public interest in Ainu culture in Japan (Weiner, 1997).According to the 1999 population survey, the percentage of Ainu students who attended high school was 95. 2%, that rose up from 69. 3% in 1979, and the percentage that went on to college was 16. 1%, from 8. 8% in 1979. These figures are lower th an the 1999 national average figures of 97. 0 and 34. 5%, respectively (Layland, 2000). Despite some improvement during the last three decades, further reduction of the education gap pass on be necessary for the improvement of the Ainus social status.Since the changes that occurred after the 1997, Ainu culture is now veneering another critical period. The survival of Ainu culture, whatsoever form it will take, depends on how the indigenous rights of Ainu are interpreted at both individual and national levels on how staidly the Japanese government implements the laws protecting indigenous and minority rights and cultural heritage and on whether Ainu as other remain definitive to the Japanese in the articulation of their identity (Weiner, 1997).The Ainu Shinpo and institutions such as the Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture, already represent a step in a new direction in Ainu Japanese relations. The cultural park establishment as well as the reterritorializatio n of the iwor (traditional hunting ground of the Ainu) (in Hokkaido at least), represents another concrete and progressive measure allowing the Ainu private control of their natural resources, reassertion of their identity, and legitimization of their lifestyle and customs.Despite continuing challenges, we are sure to see new cultural forms generated from the interaction between Ainu self-determination and the larger Japanese society (Layland, 2000). Doubtlessly, what has changed most since the 1997 is the awareness among the Ainu that they need to preserve their cultural traditions for their descendants (Weiner, 1997). However, as stated above, there remain so few Ainu who are able to handle Ainu as their mother tongue, and most are no longer practicing their traditional ways.As in the case of other ethnic minority groups around the world, the Ainu in Japan train an environment in society in which they can express how they think and bespeak for what they expect. I think that e xhibitions in Ainu museums, hand out programs for Ainu language and cultural exchanges in the form of performing arts have to be organised today. Then Ainu culture will be more visible and give people the impetus to think about what it means to be Ainu. The Ainu should adapt to modern ways since it is not easy or feasible to live in the old ways.